A plan is now in place to create the kind of detailed flood plain maps that some of Nova Scotia’s emergency managers said they lacked when torrential flooding hit their communities in July.

Byron Rafuse, deputy minister of the Department of Municipal Affairs and Housing, told a legislature committee Wednesday it’s expected the mapping will be conducted over the next three fiscal years and be completed by 2026, The Canadian Press reports.

The C$10-million program will allow municipalities to identify where there is a high risk of flooding, and to “address issues” where homes and other infrastructure have been built in flood-prone areas, Rafuse said.

“These plans are being developed for the use of the municipalities,” he said in an interview after the hearing. “It will be given to them to identify the (flood risk) areas and they can plan accordingly and develop the rules for their communities.”

The maps will indicate the potential extent of water accumulation in various areas during coastal and inland flooding.

The mapping uses LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), a remote sensing technology that creates elevation maps of the Earth’s surface. It also uses other data sources, including surveys of structures such as bridges and culverts, and existing data on river depth and coastal basins, and considers water flows, tides, and precipitation.

That data, along with climate projections, is used to create models showing potential hazard areas for flood levels considered to occur every 20 and every 100 years. The maps will project climate conditions in the year 2050 and 2100.

Two six-year-old children, a 14-year-old girl, and a 52-year-old man died in Nova Scotia’s West Hants Regional Municipality during flooding in July, when torrential rainfall, described at the time as a “biblical emergency”, hit some parts of the province. West Hants has said that when the disaster hit, its emergency management officials didn’t have access to detailed flood plain maps.

Rafuse said mapping for the West Hants region is under way and will be completed by April 1, 2024.

Tim Webster, leader of the applied geomatics research group at Nova Scotia Community College, told CP his group will be participating in the mapping work in western Nova Scotia.

“For some municipalities, it’s going to be incredibly valuable because some of them have nothing,” he said.

However, he added that the projections in the modelling aren’t as severe as what happened in West Hants, where flash floods swept large trucks off secondary highways. Webster said he believes it would be wise to include that kind of extreme rainfall risk in the mapping, as well.

“I think it would be smart to actually try to model the West Hants event and document it perhaps more rigorously than we currently are doing,” he said.

A 2020 report by the University of Waterloo’s Intact Centre on Climate Change gave Nova Scotia low grades for flood planning, noting that it is the only province in Atlantic Canada to delegate responsibility for mapping to local governments.

Centre director Blair Feltmate said in an email Wednesday that flood plain maps are helpful in showing where water will flow in major downpours, and can help municipalities identify areas where they should install infrastructure to divert water.

However, the work of diverting floodwaters with strategically-located berms, diversion channels, holding ponds, and giant water storage tanks must take place “in the months and years preceding major storms,” he said.

“If actions have not been taken to act on the guidance of a flood map, generally communities end up deploying thousands of sandbags at the last minute,” he wrote. “Sandbags should be the line of last defence against flooding, not the first.”

Feltmate added that it’s dangerous for citizens to place complete faith in flood plain maps.

“No one—unless they live on a mountaintop—should assume they are free of flood risk just because their house does not show up on a flood map. Microburst storms, due to climate change, are more common today than in the past, and that can affect flooding in areas outside of a flood plain,” he wrote.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published November 15, 2023.